Which assessment methods are commonly used in electronic fetal monitoring (EFM)?

The assessment methods commonly used in electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) include both external and internal fetal monitoring techniques. External fetal monitoring involves the use of ultrasound transducers placed on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. This non-invasive method allows for continuous monitoring and provides real-time data about the fetus's well-being during labor.

Internal fetal monitoring, on the other hand, involves placing a fetal scalp electrode directly on the fetal scalp and an intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC) within the uterus. This method provides more accurate and precise measurements of the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions, especially in situations where external monitoring may not be sufficient due to maternal obesity or excessive maternal movement.

Together, these methods provide a comprehensive assessment of the fetal condition and can significantly enhance decision-making during labor and delivery. The use of both external and internal fetal monitoring allows healthcare providers to gather valuable information about the fetus's status, helping to identify any potential complications early on.

The other methods mentioned in the options, such as relying solely on internal monitoring or only visual assessments, do not encompass the full range of EFM techniques. Ultrasound imaging and scans, while useful in certain situations, are not standard methods in the context of EFM